分类： dd

　　On the 19th local time, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of the United States issued a statement saying that new york Community Bank had agreed to buy the signature bank that was closed on the 12th. The future of the larger Silicon Valley bank, which was taken over by the federal agency, is still uncertain. On the 19th, some media broke the news that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was considering splitting up the assets of Silicon Valley Bank, which has not been officially confirmed.

　　The signatory bank was "accepted" by Silicon Valley Bank or "separated"

　　The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of the United States announced in a statement on the 19th that it had reached an agreement with Qixing Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of new york Community Bank, to sell most of the deposit business and part of the loan business of the signatory bank. Starting from 20th, all 40 branches of the signatory bank will be managed by Qixing Bank. The transaction does not include about $4 billion in deposits related to the digital banking business of the signatory bank. In addition, the loan business of about $60 billion of the signatory banks is still under the management of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which is still to be disposed of.

　　On the other hand, the US media quoted people familiar with the matter as saying on the 19th that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is seeking to split and sell the closed Silicon Valley Bank. According to reports, Silicon Valley Bank is expected to be split into at least two parts for sale. Among them, the private banking business of Silicon Valley Bank will be sold separately, which mainly serves high-net-worth people, and the deadline for bidding is 22; Another part of Silicon Valley Bank — — That is, the "transitional bank" set up by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to take over the deposits and assets of Silicon Valley banks will be sold as another part.

　　The US government’s "one guarantee to the end" or brewing greater risks

　　Bank of America "thundered" one after another, causing market concerns. The industry is worried that the spread of panic will trigger a run on other financial institutions in the United States. To this end, the US Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation have previously announced actions to "cover the bottom" for depositors of the incident bank, including customers with deposits exceeding $250,000. Previously, according to the standard, the maximum insured amount of each bank depositor with deposit insurance was $250,000. The practice of American regulators to "guarantee the bank deposits to the end" caused public concern.

　　"The Wall Street Journal" recently wrote, "Many observers are worried that ignoring the $250,000 deposit insurance ceiling will lead to the call that no matter how big the amount is, it will be guaranteed to the end. Many people argue that full guarantees will encourage irresponsible behavior. " What The Wall Street Journal is actually talking about is the so-called "moral hazard" problem, that is, when the actors don’t have to take full responsibility for their own actions, they are more inclined to take greater risks, which may cause the financial markets in the United States and even the world to fall into turmoil.

　　Mohamed El-Erian, Chief Economic Advisor of Allianz Group: Will this lead to irresponsible behavior? Obviously, there is this risk, which is why we should control the "moral hazard" and the regulators must ensure that the supervision is in place.

　　Steve Sosnik, Chief Strategy Officer, Intone Securities Group, USA: This is the real problem. American politicians take all the responsibility for the banking crisis in the United States. Once business and politics are mixed together, things will change. I hope that the upper limit of deposit insurance will be raised. As you said, it seems reasonable to mention 1 million dollars. However, if there is no deposit insurance ceiling at all, it will indeed lead to "moral hazard".

　　The wool is on the sheep, and the funds will be passed on to taxpayers.

　　Although the US government has repeatedly claimed that the relevant "bottom" will not use taxpayers’ money, according to US media analysis, this is not the case.

　　The Associated Press published an article on the 17th, entitled "Will Americans finally bear the costs for bank mistakes? According to the analysis of the article, the deposit insurance fund comes from the premium paid by the bank for deposit insurance. The purpose of its establishment is to provide depositors with funds within 250,000 US dollars when the bank is closed. But now, the Federal Reserve and other institutions say that all deposits in the incident bank will be paid in full — — This means that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of the United States actually uses the funds of customers who have paid deposit insurance to cover the full amount of customers who have not paid deposit insurance.

　　The Associated Press said that although the American people do not have to bear the cost directly, in the long run, the deposit insurance premiums paid by other American banks for this purpose will eventually be passed on to the American people.

　　Steve Sosnik, Chief Strategist Officer, Yingtong Securities Group, USA: The question is how the deposit insurance ceiling will be reassessed and passed on to bank customers in the form of higher premiums. Because the insurance premium paid before is up to 250,000 US dollars (deposit), there is no upper limit.

　　US Senator: Bank of America and Railroad "chase short-term profits at the expense of everything else"

　　At the recent hearing of the US Senate Banking Committee, Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown compared the closure of the Silicon Valley Bank with the "poison train" derailment accident in Ohio in early February. He said that these two incidents reflected the common ground of American banking and railway industries: colluding with politicians and pursuing maximum profits at all costs.

　　Senator Sherrod Brown, Ohio, USA: I want to say a few words about the people in East Palestinian City, Ohio and the closure of the Silicon Valley Bank. These two things have one thing in common: the company follows the business model of Wall Street and pursues short-term profits at the expense of everything else. They have been helped and abetted by corporate lobbyists and politicians here (Congress), who have weakened the rules of this application to protect the people we serve according to their own wishes. Now, working-class people in Ohio and across the United States have paid the price.

　　According to the lobbying documents of Norfolk Southern Railway Company, which belongs to the "poison train" derailed in Ohio in 2015, the company lobbied Congress and the administrative agency responsible for formulating the rules of the Ministry of Communications to "oppose the additional speed limit and require the installation of ECP (Electronic Control Air Brake System)".

　　According to the data of "Open Secret", a non-partisan organization that tracks the use of political funds in the United States, from 2015 to 2022, the American Railway Association spent a total of 39.4 million US dollars to lobby the federal government. Among them, companies such as Norfolk Southern Railway and Union Pacific Railway provided millions of dollars in political contributions.

　　Senator Sherrod Brown, Ohio, USA: Think about the two most influential lobbyists in this country in the past 100 years, the bank and the railway. This is the cause of the 2008 financial crisis, which wiped out the savings of the working class and delayed a whole generation of young Americans. Wall Street certainly hasn’t changed its way of doing things. In the following years, the banks on Wall Street have been lobbying for the withdrawal of the safeguards we adopted after the crisis.

　　Senator Sherrod Brown, Ohio, USA: The now defunct Silicon Valley Bank spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to get rid of its CEO to attend the hearing. I guess he is unemployed now. He said that their banks should not be subject to strong supervision because "our activities and business model are low-risk". "Low risk", that’s what he said. We all know what they really pursue, profit maximization, whatever the risk.

　　In 2015, Baker, CEO of Silicon Valley Bank, personally lobbied the Senate to ask Congress to reduce the review of financial institutions and exempt a number of financial institutions, including Silicon Valley Bank. In 2018, the lobbying of Silicon Valley Bank finally succeeded. The US Congress raised the criteria for determining the existence of systemic risks in banks, and both Silicon Valley Bank and signatory banks were exempted from this supervision. According to the Daily Mail website, federal records show that from 2015 to 2018, Becker spent more than $500,000 on lobbying the federal government.

　　People’s Daily Online, Tokyo, April 10 According to the website of Asahi Shimbun, Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd. of Japan is developing a bio-natural gas power generation device that can generate electricity by using animal droppings such as chickens and cows. The biggest selling point is that it can generate electricity independently and provide natural gas when there is a power outage. The company plans to sell this power generation device to India, which has a huge overseas market, in 2021 while meeting the needs of Japanese dairy farmers.

　　It is reported that Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd., which is involved in auto parts manufacturing, also operates thermoelectric supply products for ordinary families and uses gas engines. It intends to promote the popularization of gas engines and the industrialization of bio-natural gas power generation.

　　The small natural gas generator developed by the company is about 1 meter high, 70 centimeters long and 40 centimeters wide. The raw material for producing natural gas is animal manure, which is a headache for farmers. The generator can not only effectively treat feces, but also generate electricity to illuminate chicken houses and cowhouses. It can be described as killing two birds with one stone. (Compile: Xu Wenjin)

　　On the 13th, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology officially issued the Measures for the Management of Data Security in the Field of Industry and Informatization (Trial). According to the Administrative Measures, important data and core data collected and generated by data processors in the field of industry and informatization in People’s Republic of China (PRC) should be stored in China if there are domestic storage requirements in laws and administrative regulations. If it is really necessary to provide them overseas, the data exit safety assessment should be conducted according to laws and regulations.

　　According to relevant laws and international treaties and agreements concluded or acceded to by People’s Republic of China (PRC), or according to the principle of equality and reciprocity, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology handles the requests of foreign industrial, telecommunications and radio law enforcement agencies for providing data in the field of industry and informatization. Without the approval of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, data processors in the field of industry and information technology may not provide foreign law enforcement agencies of industry, telecommunications and radio with data stored in People’s Republic of China (PRC).

　　Based on the general principle of data classification protection, the Administrative Measures require general data to strengthen the whole life cycle security management, important data to be protected on the basis of general data protection, and core data to be protected more strictly on the basis of important data protection. For different levels of data being processed at the same time and it is difficult to take protection measures separately, the principle of "just high" shall be adopted and the protection shall be implemented according to the requirements of the highest level.

　　Transfer from: CCTV news client

　　On October 27th, "2023 Top 100 Henan Enterprises Summit" was held in Kaifeng. The list of "Top 100 Henan Enterprises", "Top 100 Henan Manufacturing Enterprises" and "Top 100 Henan Service Enterprises Development Report 2023" were released simultaneously.

　　The reporter learned from the scene that wan chau international Co., Ltd., Luoyang Luanchuan Molybdenum Group Co., Ltd., China Pingmei Shenma Energy and Chemical Group Co., Ltd., China Construction Seventh Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd. and Mu Yuan Industry Group Co., Ltd. ranked among the top five in the list of top 100 Henan enterprises in 2023.

　　As the barometer of Henan’s economic operation and the vane of transformation and development, the top 100 enterprises released this time have made remarkable progress in becoming stronger, better and bigger, showing many new highlights.

　　Total revenue continued to grow.

　　Total assets exceeded 5 trillion yuan.

　　This year, on the basis of voluntary declaration by enterprises, Henan Enterprise Federation released the list of top 100 enterprises in Henan for the 18th consecutive year, and the list of top 100 manufacturing enterprises and top 100 service enterprises in Henan for the 3rd consecutive year, according to the internationally accepted mode and taking the business income of enterprises as the shortlist standard.

　　"Revitalizing Henan, big enterprises take the lead", and the "big" of enterprises is not only large in size, but also represents the characteristics of better development foundation, superior resource factors and stronger core competitiveness of enterprises.

　　The total operating income continued to grow. In 2023, the total operating income of the top 100 Henan enterprises continued to grow.The total operating income was 2,716.675 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.42%.. Taking the total GDP of the province as a reference, it is equivalent to 44.29% of the total GDP of the province in 2022, which is 6,134.505 billion yuan, an increase of 1.35 percentage points over the previous year, showing that the contribution of the top 100 enterprises to economic and social development is constantly improving.

　　Total assets exceeded the 5 trillion yuan mark.In 2023, the total assets of the top 100 Henan enterprises reached 5,816.927 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 29.87%., showing a rapid growth trend. There are 20 companies with total assets exceeding 50 billion yuan, an increase of 2 over the previous year, of which 12 companies have total assets exceeding 100 billion yuan, which is the same as that of the previous year. The total assets of some enterprises have increased rapidly, and the total assets of 17 companies have increased by more than 30%.

　　The entry threshold continues to rise, and the role of the tens of billions of enterprise groups is highlighted. 38 billion-level enterprises achieved operating income of 1,393.362 billion yuan, accounting for 82.84% of the total revenue, an increase of 2.78 percentage points over the previous year. There are 38 10 billion enterprises and 3 100 billion enterprises, indicating that the operating income of Henan manufacturing enterprises continues to be concentrated in larger enterprises.

　　The quality of "going out" of manufacturing industry has been continuously improved.

　　41 companies’ overseas revenue exceeded 300 billion yuan.

　　Manufacturing is the foundation of the real economy, the lifeline of the national economy, the foundation of the country and the foundation of a strong country. Our province has always taken the high-quality development of manufacturing industry as the main direction, taking new steps, achieving new achievements and achieving new leaps.

　　In 2023, 41 of the top 100 manufacturing enterprises in Henan have overseas income, an increase of 6 over the previous year. 41 enterprises achieved a total overseas operating income of 301.854 billion yuan, an increase of 8.87% year-on-year; Twenty enterprises have overseas assets, an increase of two over the previous year, and the total scale of overseas assets reached 272.248 billion yuan, an increase of 18.71%. The quality of "going out" of manufacturing industry in our province has been continuously improved.

　　The efficiency of capital operation continued to improve. In 2023, the average asset-liability ratio of the top 100 manufacturing enterprises in Henan was 59.15%, down 2.82 percentage points from the previous year, down 2.30 percentage points from the top 100 manufacturing enterprises in 2021, and lower than 60% for the first time in the past three years, indicating that the debt structure of the shortlisted enterprises was improved, the liquidity of funds was enhanced, the profitability was improved, and the debt risk was under control.

　　In addition, in 2023, the average asset preservation and appreciation rate of the top 100 manufacturing enterprises in Henan was 113.48%, an increase of 6.71 percentage points over the previous year, indicating that the asset preservation and appreciation level of the short-listed enterprises increased steadily.

　　The scale of service industry grew steadily.

　　Fight new business into new growth point

　　In today’s world, the more developed the service economy, the higher the labor efficiency, and the more stable and faster the economic development. According to the "Implementation Plan for Accelerating the Development of Modern Service Industry in Henan Province", the top 100 enterprises in the service industry in 2023 focused on the structural reform of the supply side of the service industry and made efforts to achieve breakthroughs and leaps in key areas such as industrial integration and innovation drive. At present, the service industry has become the main driving force of economic development in our province.

　　The scale of service enterprises grew steadily. In 2023, the top 100 service enterprises in Henan achieved an operating income of 682.107 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.1%; The total assets were 3,797.358 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 52.88%; There are 20 enterprises exceeding 10 billion yuan, an increase of 4 over the previous year, and the total operating income of 20 enterprises is 551.001 billion yuan, accounting for 80.78% of the total operating income of the top 100 enterprises. Among the sub-sectors, wholesale and retail, leasing and business services, and finance are in the forefront.

　　The scale of assets has increased substantially.In 2023, the total assets of the top 100 service enterprises in Henan were 3,797.358 billion yuan, an increase of 1,313.449 billion yuan or 52.88% over the previous year’s 2,483.909 billion yuan.Due to the merger or reorganization of some enterprises, the total assets of the top 100 service industries have increased significantly.

　　The innovation effect of service enterprises is remarkable. In 2023, the top 100 service enterprises in Henan Province owned a total of 5,748 patents, an increase of 1,820 over the previous year, with an increase of 46.33%. Among them, the number of invention patents was 1320, an increase of 643 over the previous year, with an increase of 94.98%; Invention patents accounted for 22.96% of all patents, up 5.72 percentage points year-on-year. The growth rate of invention patents is much higher than that of all patents, indicating that more and more service enterprises pay more attention to the development and protection of independent intellectual property rights.

　　Zhanxin business has become a new growth point of service industry. In 2023, the total operating income of the top 100 service enterprises in Henan Province was 63.94 billion yuan, an increase of 84.84% year-on-year; The total assets of Zhanxin business were 78.938 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 68.01%; The total profit of Zhanxin was 2.524 billion yuan, up 18.39% year-on-year; The total number of employees in Zhanxin business was 26,800, a year-on-year increase of 168%. Zhanxin business has shown a rapid development momentum and has become a new growth point of service industry.

　　The deep-seated contradictions in the development of large enterprises still exist.

　　According to the analysis of the Development Report of Top 100 Enterprises in Henan Province in 2023, at present, the competition and development pattern of enterprises is facing profound adjustment due to factors such as the comprehensive upgrade of Sino-US competition and external emergencies, and it also provides new opportunities for the high-end, intelligent and green transformation and upgrading of enterprises in our province, which will promote the coordinated innovation and development of the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain and realize overtaking in corners. However, we should be soberly aware that the deep-seated contradictions and problems that have long plagued the development of large enterprises in our province, such as low development quality, weak innovation ability, weak anti-risk ability and insufficient development stamina, still exist.

　　The report also mentioned that large enterprises in Henan Province should not only face up to their own gap, but also seize the strategic opportunity to build a new development pattern, strive for the first place in raising the benchmark, create a new bureau in pressing ahead, strive for progress steadily, and unswervingly implement the innovation-driven development strategy, accelerate the progress to the high end of the global industrial chain and value chain, and build a world-class enterprise.

　　In his speech, Liang Tieshan, president of Henan Enterprise Association, said that in recent years, in the face of the complicated domestic and international economic situation, the big enterprises in our province, represented by the top 100 enterprises, insisted on resonating with the national strategy at the same frequency and moving in the same direction with the development of the times, and became an important force to support and promote the practice of Chinese modernization in Henan.

　　"Under the new situation, large enterprises in our province should make new and greater achievements, pay attention to chain group building, cultivate independent innovation ability, break through path dependence, enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of enterprises, and actively build a modern industrial system that reflects Henan’s characteristics and advantages."

　　In addition, the signing ceremony of major projects in Kaifeng was held at this meeting. Kaifeng enterprises and the top 100 short-listed enterprises have achieved close docking of project resources, and signed 23 major projects with a contracted amount of 31.5 billion yuan. Another 121 enterprises and the top 100 enterprises have initially reached the intention of industrial, production and marketing cooperation.

　　Attached to the top 100 list:

After a month, the new Porsche was launched at the Porsche Experience Center in Shanghai, and will introduce seven models, including the four-door version of Turbo, Turbo S, Turbo GT and Turbo GT with Weissach package, as well as the Cross Turismo hunting version of 4, 4S, Turbo. The specific price is shown in the picture, and it is planned to start pre-sale in mid-April.

In terms of rights and interests, Porsche provides 6 years/60,000 kilometers maintenance (air conditioner filter element/brake oil replacement + whole car condition inspection), maintenance transportation plan (door-to-door pickup/brand scooter/taxi fee reimbursement), road assistance and accident rescue (roadside repair + trailer repair + follow-up benefits during the warranty period, and accident trailer rescue services outside the warranty period). By the way, the price of Turbo GT in Germany is 240,000 euros (about 1.8837 million yuan), and the price in North America is 231995 US dollars (about 1.6664 million yuan).

The highlight of this release is the Turbo GT version, which was launched online. Previously, it broke the pure electric production four-door car record with a lap time of 7 minutes, 07 seconds and 55 seconds in New York, which was more than 26s faster than the old Turbo S with performance components, equivalent to 1.3km away, 17.681s faster than the old King Model S Plaid. In addition, it also won the Laguna Seca fastest mass-produced electric car with a lap time of 1:27.87, giving Tesla a wave of strength.

The Turbo GT is equipped with a front and rear system, with an instantaneous peak power of 815kW (2s ejection) and a peak torque of 1340N · m. With the gear ratio adjustment of the two-speed gearbox on the rear axle, the top speed is up to 305km/h (Weissach kit) and 290km/h, only 2.2s (Weissach kit) and 2.3s are required to break the hundred, and the 0-200km/h acceleration is 6.4s (Weissach kit) and 6.6s, and it can accelerate for 26 consecutive times 0-200km/h without attenuation. As for battery life, the WLTP can travel 555km at full power. (See the picture for other zero-hundred acceleration)

It is worth mentioning that, thanks to the new 900A pulse SiC inverter on the rear axle, Attack Mode can trigger 120kW of 10s superboost, at which time the maximum power can reach 760kW, the driver can either press the push to pass of the steering wheel or activate/deactivate it through the right-hand paddle. By the way, in the standard state without enabling any supercharge, the guaranteed maximum power that can be continuously output is 580kW.

得益于大量碳纤维部件的加持，Turbo GT比Turbo S轻了75kg。例如B柱装饰件、外后视镜壳体、侧裙等碳纤外观件，以及碳纤桶椅（仅限欧洲）、轻质后备厢等内饰部件的轻量化，并且电动尾门也被取消了。标配的动态套件包括GT专用调校的PAR主动悬挂、特制高性能夏季胎、采用浮雕研磨辐条的21英寸锻造轮圈，不仅同样减重，还能提升碳陶制动的散热效果。哦对，制动系统也从盘室和卡钳壳体上抠出了2kg重量，并喷涂胜利金色漆。

Turbo GT的专属还有带气动翼的前唇，和自适应扰流的后扩散器，风阻系数低至0.22。车漆颜色提供六种可选，包括专属的淡蓝色和天空紫两款金属漆，用户也可通过Manufaktur进行个性化高定。标配，可免费选装高清矩阵。内饰则采用黑色皮革包裹的运动型Race-Tex内饰，可免费选装更重但更舒适的自适应运动座椅升级版（18向电调/记忆），头枕带有Turbo GT刺绣。

至于更极致的Weissach套件，专属空力套件包括车身底部的导风板、新版前唇和扩散器，以及两侧带有Weissach标识的固定式碳纤维尾翼，从而提供220kg的下压力。前翼子板的充电接口只保留了右侧，电动开闭改为手动，也能抠点重量。车内除了去掉脚垫、尾箱垫、模拟时钟以及一些隔音材料，简配了音响套装Plus（BOSE音响）和隔音隔热玻璃，换装了GT3同款碳纤维运动座椅，还取消了后排座椅，改用轻质碳纤维面板进行覆盖，又减重了70kg。这一套组合拳下来，全系最轻整备质量仅为2227kg。

　　(Reporter Zhuang Yuan) Some citizens usually like to freeze some steamed bread in the refrigerator and store it. In fact, there are many ways to eat steamed bread "recycled". Wang Meng, a professional in the catering industry in this city, introduced two kinds of "steamed bread hamburgers" to the public, which are rich in nutrition.

　　Cross-cut the steamed bread, divide it into two parts, beat the eggs into a bowl, add a little salt and stir well, then wrap the steamed bread with egg liquid on both sides, fry them on both sides in a pot and take them out. On the fried steamed bread, layer by layer, put the vegetables, fried eggs and bacon, and add mayonnaise or ketchup, mushroom sauce and bean paste. Finally, cover the other half of the steamed bread on the top.

　　The second flavor can be cooked as a roast chicken leg burger. Bone and peel the chicken leg with a knife or scissors, add salt, pepper and cooking wine, marinate for 5 minutes, and put a little oil in the pot to fry the chicken. Add fried chicken leg meat and vegetables such as lettuce, carrot, tomato and cucumber to the fried steamed bread.

　　In addition, citizens can also use their imagination to put steak, mashed potato salad, bacon and other ingredients in steamed bread to make a variety of "steamed bread burgers".

The original global intelligence agent Global intelligence agent is included in the topic # Everything related to Judaism 7# China with a little knowledge of you 10

Jews in China.

Author | Pei Lin

Editor | ｜Thomas

The Jewish nation originated in Canaan (present-day Palestine). In the first century A.D., due to the uprising against the Roman Empire, it was driven out of its hometown and scattered in all directions. From then on, until the founding of Israel in 1948, they drifted for almost two thousand years.

▲ In 70 AD, the resistance to Roman rule failed, and the Jews were driven out of their homes and scattered in all directions.

The vast majority of Jews are scattered in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and the Mediterranean, and some Jews continue to migrate to China in the farther east. Although the Silk Road is long, it has already spread China’s influence to every corner of the world. According to modern archaeological discoveries, as early as the Zhou Dynasty, Jews had arrived in China to engage in trade.

At the beginning of the 11th century, Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, formed the first Jewish community, and gradually achieved the same social status as the Han people. From modern times to World War II, the number of Jews in China reached tens of thousands, reaching a historical peak.

After World War II, the vast majority of Jews left China, so that a brand-new minority was not formed, and only a few Jewish descendants were integrated into the Chinese nation. What happened in the meantime?

▲ Schematic diagram of the distribution of Jews in the world after the Great Diaspora

I the rise and fall of the Jewish community in Kaifeng

According to archaeological experts, as early as the Zhou Dynasty and the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were Jews doing business in the Central Plains. It has been confirmed by archaeological excavations that a large number of Jews arrived in China in the Tang Dynasty.

At the beginning of the 20th century, British and French explorers discovered Hebrew letters and prayers in Xinjiang, and the writing time was determined around 718 AD, that is, the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Experts believe that these Jews came to China to do business through the overland Silk Road.

▲ The British explorer Stein discovered the earliest Hebrew letter, and he is also one of the biggest cultural relics thieves in China.

The northern song dynasty failed to regain control of the western regions, and the silk road on land was no longer safe and prosperous, and the silk road on the sea rose accordingly. In October 998, a group of Jews arrived in China by Arab merchant ships, then passed through Quanzhou and Yangzhou, and arrived in Kaifeng, the capital at that time.

Modern research shows that these Jews should belong to the Jewish community in the Persian region. Their preserved Jewish scriptures are consistent with Persian Jews, and their DNA is closer to Middle Eastern Jews. This view occupies a dominant position in the current academic circles.

The Song Dynasty was a relatively open and tolerant dynasty. Arabs, Persians, Europeans and other foreigners were not discriminated against, and their business was unimpeded. They could also become officials in the DPRK, and Jews were no exception.

▲ Jews from the Middle East arrived in Kaifeng through the Maritime Silk Road.

Because of good management, Jews began to buy real estate, formed their own community in a street in Kaifeng and Heshun District, and their lives were quite rich. Kaifeng people call Jews "people who give happiness", which is the transliteration of "Israel" by Song people.

Kaifeng people like exotic goods brought by Jews, but they are also curious about their religious rituals and customs, but they are not offended at all, which makes Jews feel safe and satisfied. In order to gain the official recognition of the Song Dynasty, Jews learned from other foreigners and made an audience with Song Zhenzong through the Ministry of Rites, hoping to live in Kaifeng forever.

In 1008, Song Zhenzong issued a letter, saying, "It’s midsummer for me, and I will abide by the ancestral style and leave the capital of song dynasty", allowing them to take the imperial examination and keep their own customs. In 1127, Song Huizong ordered that one hundred and twenty pieces of silver be appropriated to help them build a synagogue.

▲ In the Qingming Riverside Map, Kaifeng was the largest city in the world at that time, accommodating all foreign nationalities.

Unfortunately, before this hall was built, Jurchen from the north had already arrived in Enemy at the Gates, breached Kaifeng, and captured Emperor Huiqin, and the Northern Song Dynasty ended, which was known as the "Jingkang Change".

The Jewish community in Kaifeng has just emerged, with a population of just over 500, and it has to face a brand-new "Jin" dynasty. Jews chose to stay in Kaifeng and continue to run their own business. In fact, due to the lack of talents in financial management in the "Jin" and "Yuan" Hu dynasties, the status of Jews has been improved.

Jin Dynasty Emperor Wan Yanliang intended to follow the example of the Northern Song Dynasty in issuing paper money "Jiaozi", but all the coin-making officials in the Song Dynasty fled south, and Wan Yanliang was unavailable. Therefore, some ministers proposed that Jews should finish this work.

▲ Jin Dynasty’s "Jiaozi" and its impression. The Jews designed the first edition of "Jiaozi" for the Jin Dynasty in the style of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Jews learned from the mature experience of paper money in the Northern Song Dynasty, coupled with their own business talent, and designed the Jin version of "Jiaozi" in just a few days. In addition, they also suggested that the Jin Dynasty set up a special paper money management institution "Pedestrian", which can be regarded as the embryonic form of the bank and has some functions of the central bank.

In 1163, in order to reward the contribution of the Jews, the Jin Dynasty allocated funds to build the first synagogue in the Hutong of Kaifeng. After the destruction of gold in the Yuan Dynasty, Jews continued to serve the Yuan Dynasty, which was also recognized by the Yuan Dynasty. In 1279, the hall was rebuilt, with an area of more than 10,000 square meters.

The real peak of the Jewish community in Kaifeng was in the Ming Dynasty, which grew to more than 500 households with more than 5,000 people. They not only gave themselves the Chinese surname, but also became officials through the imperial examination, and began to accept Confucianism, naturalized Chinese civilization, and their social status was completely equal to that of Han people.

▲ At the end of the 20th century, overseas Jews visited the Jewish old site in Kaifeng.

In other parts of the world, Jews insist on using their own Hebrew language and writing, but this situation has changed in China. During the hundreds of years from Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, Kaifeng Jews gradually learned Chinese in their long-term common life with Chinese. What’s more, Chinese never discriminates against them, which makes them have no reason to refuse to learn Chinese.

The problem of intermarriage with Chinese also experienced the process from prohibition to relaxation. After the Song Dynasty, there were wars in China, and there were few foreign Jews. In order to maintain the reproduction and survival of the Jewish community, they began to intermarry with Chinese. According to statistics in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Kaifeng Jews married at least 40 non-Jewish women.

In language, marriage, culture, employment and so on, Kaifeng Jews are more and more like Chinese. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Jincheng, the leader of Kaifeng Jews, did not know Hebrew. They still kept their ancestors’ scriptures and genealogy, but no one gathered for church again and the synagogue was in ruins.

▲ Jewish memorial hall and Jewish genealogy in Kaifeng city.

In 1854, the Yellow River flooded, the Kaifeng synagogue was razed to the ground, religious ceremonies stopped completely, the whole Jewish community disintegrated completely, and some remaining cultural relics were snapped up by foreign missionaries. The former site of the synagogue was later sold and turned into the present Kaifeng Chinese Medicine Hospital.

At this point, the Jewish community in Kaifeng was founded in 998 AD, dissipated in the early 20th century, went through a whole thousand years, and finally completely integrated into the Chinese nation. At present, there are about 200 descendants of Jews in Kaifeng. Some people are still trying to get back the memories of their ancestors, but they all think they are Chinese, just to find their roots.

▲ The last relic of Kaifeng Jewish synagogue is an ancient well in Kaifeng Chinese Medicine Hospital.

Second, Jewish businessmen doing business in China in modern times

After being forced to leave Canaan, Jews scattered in all directions. By the middle ages, it had been divided into three main groups: Eastern Jews distributed in the Arab region; Sefadi Jews are distributed in the Mediterranean region; Ashkenaz Jews are distributed in continental Europe. Since modern times, the global colonization activities of Europeans have made the activity areas of three parts of Jews overlap.

Many Sefadi Jews have joined Britain, France and other nationalities. They followed the footsteps of European colonists and established business networks around the world. As soon as China was opened to the world by the Opium War, Sefadi Jews beat us to it and made investments and business in China. Sassoon was the representative among them.

▲ Sassoon Building, located at the Nanjing intersection of the Bund, is now part of the Peace Hotel.

David sassoon, the founder of Sassoon Foreign Firm, is a British Jew and one of the British businessmen who export opium to China the most. After 1840, Sassoon opened foreign firms in Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai, especially in Shanghai, which was a great success, dealing in opium, cotton yarn, arms and so on, with branches all over the country.

The flourishing development of the Sefadi Jewish business group in Shanghai led to the establishment of the Jewish community in Shanghai, including Jewish cemeteries, synagogues and schools. In 1910, the Shanghai Jewish Association was formally established, and then a larger synagogue was built and Jewish newspapers were founded, which played a role in rallying Shanghai Jews.

▲ The former site of Shanghai Jewish General Association, founded in 1911, is located at No.722 Nanjing West Road.

The Shanghai Jewish community, dominated by Sefadi Jews, is relatively small in number, but has strong economic strength. Their main purpose is charity relief, and they also set up the Shanghai Jewish Saint Society, which specializes in this work. The agency opened a hospital in 1934 to help Jews living in Shanghai.

Almost at the same time that Sefadi Jews established the Shanghai community, another group of Jews also established their own community in China. They are Jews from Russia and belong to Ashkenaz Jews on the European continent. Unlike the wealthy Sefadi Jews, these Russian Jews came to China to take refuge.

Third, Russian Jews who took refuge in China in modern times

At the end of 19th century, Ashkenaz Jews were mainly distributed in Germany, Poland, Russia and other countries, among which the living environment of Russian Jews was worse. The czar government not only forced them to convert to the Orthodox Church, but also imposed heavy taxes and military service. The constant wave of anti-Semitism in Russia also frightened Jews.

Just in order to develop the Far East and encourage Europeans to emigrate, the czar government adopted a more relaxed ethnic policy in the Far East. As a result, Jews poured into the Far East, and the Soviet Union even established a Jewish autonomous prefecture on the Sino-Russian border. Some Jews also entered Harbin, a city in China occupied by Russia, and the Shanghai Concession.

▲ Harbin Jewish Church, which has been changed to Jewish History and Culture Museum.

Before the October Revolution in Russia, more than 6,000 Jews lived in Harbin and operated hundreds of industrial and commercial enterprises. After the "October Revolution", a large number of wealthy old Russian aristocrats fled Russia for fear of the red regime, and many of them came to Harbin and Shanghai.

The number of Russian Jews in Harbin has soared to more than 20,000, and the number of Russian Jews in Shanghai has also exceeded 4,000. There are also some Russian Jews who moved from Harbin to Tianjin Concession, reaching 3500 at most.

▲ Tianjin synagogue, located at the intersection of Nanjing Road and Zhengzhou Road in Heping District.

Russian Jews in Shanghai did not completely join the Sefadi Jewish community from the beginning, and kept their independence. After their number was greatly increased, they set up their own independent organization in 1932.

Compared with the charity function of Sefadi Jewish community, Russian Jews pay more attention to the propaganda and activities of Zionism. Zionism is the idea of returning to Palestine and establishing a Jewish homeland. Russian Jews all over China have established Zionist organizations to unite Jews.

Russian Jews are the majority of modern Jews who have lived in China for a long time. They came to China because of persecution and were full of enthusiasm for Zionism.

Fourth, Jewish refugees who took refuge in China during World War II

In 1933, the German Nazis came to power, showing an obvious anti-Semitic tendency. Some German Jews began to leave their motherland and went to relatives and friends all over the world. By the summer of 1937, about 1,500 Jews had arrived in Shanghai by normal sea.

▲ Nazi Germany set off a climax of anti-Semitism, and Jews fled Germany and German-controlled areas.

In August 1937, Germany set off a large-scale wave of anti-Semitism, and the number of Jews coming to China increased sharply. In two years, at least 20,000 Jews arrived in Shanghai. When the world closed its doors to Jews, Shanghai opened its doors to these Jewish refugees for two reasons:

The first is that Shanghai was in a delicate period at that time. After the Battle of Songhu in 1937, most of Shanghai was occupied by the Japanese, and the China government lost its jurisdiction over Shanghai. As a result, Shanghai has become a "free port" and can enter without any proof or guarantee.

▲ Jews fled Nazi Germany.

The second reason is the act of He Fengshan, Consul General of China in Austria. Seeing that the Nazi persecution of Jews is getting worse, He Fengshan, Britain and the United States and other countries refused to accept more Jewish refugees, issued Chinese visas to a large number of Austrian Jews to help them leave this country that was about to be annexed by the Nazis.

▲ China diplomat He Fengshan, who saved a large number of Jews from escaping from the tiger’s mouth, and a sculpture commemorating him.

Due to the large number of Jewish refugees and poor economic conditions, most of them can only live in Hongkou District in the north of the public concession. Under the pressure of the Nazis, the Japanese occupation authorities set up an isolation zone in 1943, limiting Jewish refugees to live only in Hongkou and Yangshupu areas.

Despite the hard years of Japanese occupation, Shanghai residents still tried their best to help Jewish refugees. They vacated their houses for Jewish refugees to live in and treat Jewish refugees injured in the war.

▲ Memorial Hall for Jewish Refugees in Hongkou District, Shanghai, the main settlement of Jewish refugees in that year.

At first, Jewish refugees joined the early Russian Jewish community. With the increase in the number of refugees and the complexity of nationality, refugees have set up their own associations and become the main organizations to contact and help Jewish refugees.

Generally speaking, although the Jewish refugees who took refuge in Shanghai are hard, their life safety is still guaranteed. Many people do business in Shanghai and their lives are not so bad. So they spent the whole World War II.

V. The disappearance of Jewish communities in China.

On May 14th, 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed, and the Jews finally had their own homeland. Three Jewish communities in modern China also welcomed their own homes.

▲ On May 14, 1948, Israel announced the founding of the country in the birthplace of Palestine (Canaan).

Sefadi Jewish businessmen, mainly British and American, became enemies of the Japanese authorities after the outbreak of the Pacific War. They were put into concentration camps and all their property was confiscated. After World War II, as the privileges of Shanghai Concession and foreign powers in China were taken back by China, Sefadi Jews lost their original advantages and gradually moved their property and business to Hong Kong, and their organization and influence basically disappeared.

After the Japanese occupation of the three northeastern provinces, the Russian Jewish community in Harbin began to flee or move southward in large numbers, leaving only 1,100 people in 1937. When the Soviet Red Army liberated the Northeast, the Jewish community was cancelled and all the Jews were scattered.

The Russian Jewish community in Shanghai began to disintegrate during the War of Liberation. Before the liberation of Shanghai, their number was less than 1000. In 1956, the last synagogue in Shanghai ceased to be used, which marked the complete demise of the Jewish community.

▲ Schematic diagram of the comparison between the State of Israel stipulated by the United Nations and Israel in the period of David in the 10th century BC.

The Jewish refugee community that took refuge in Shanghai in World War II began to disintegrate after the war. Refugees are returning home one after another, and many people have responded to the Zionist call and gathered in Palestine to prepare for the establishment of an Israeli state.

▲ The population growth trend of Israel since 1948.

At this point, the Jews in Chinese mainland basically dissipated, but the love between Jews and China did not end. Many Jews who have lived in China call themselves "Chinese Jews". Former Israeli Prime Minister Olmert is the second generation of "Chinese Jews", and his parents were born in Harbin.

▲ The establishment of the State of Israel has finally realized the Jewish dream of the motherland that lasted for two thousand years.

To this day, in Israel, the United States and other places, there are still active international friendship organizations commemorating the years of China and Shanghai. Many Jews who lived in China in those days came to China to seek their roots with their children, so that they could remember this precious time.

Long-time author | Pei Lin

A veteran lover of history

Editor in charge | ｜Thomas

Graduate of London School of Economics and Political Science | Editor-in-Chief of Global Intelligence

—(End of full text)—

Unauthorized reprinting is prohibited.

Original title: "Jews have lived in China for thousands of years, but why have they disappeared now? 》

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　　In the first 10 months, the growth rate of used car trading volume was 14.3 percentage points higher than that of new car sales. From the development history of developed countries, the volume of used cars in the United States, Germany and other automobile countries has been more than twice that of new cars; On the other hand, the trading volume of used cars in China is still less than half of the sales volume of new cars, which fully shows the future development potential of China’s used car market. With the entry of e-commerce platform, problems such as integrity that hindered the development of used car market in the past are expected to be solved — —

　　While the new car market is weak, the used car market has ushered in spring. A few days ago, statistics from china automobile dealers association showed that the national second-hand car transaction volume was 1.267 million in October, up 7.3% year-on-year. In the first 10 months, a total of 11.853 million used cars were traded, up 4.6% year-on-year. The growth rate of used car trading volume was 14.3 percentage points higher than that of new car sales. Experts said that the used car market continued its good trend of "Golden September and Silver 10" in October, and the market prospect was promising.

　　The stock market will dominate.

　　The automobile industry has always been hailed as a "macroeconomic stabilizer", which not only plays an important role in upstream manufacturing, but also plays a significant role in downstream industries such as finance, insurance, maintenance, tourism and catering. Authoritative data show that the contribution rate of automobile consumption to the year-on-year growth rate of retail sales of social consumer goods can reach 20%. With the slowdown of new car consumption, promoting the circulation of used cars has become one of the important means to expand domestic demand.

　　It is understood that the world’s major automobile countries have a huge used car market far exceeding the sales of new cars. During the ten years from 1986 to 1996, the sales of new cars of the top 500 retailers in the United States decreased by 8.8%, but the sales of used cars increased by 40%. Since 1990, the annual transaction volume of used cars in the United States has been stable between 40 million and 45 million, which is about three times that of new cars. The average price of each used car is about $16,500. From this calculation, the annual used car market in the United States is about $600 billion to $700 billion.

　　In recent ten years, the volume of used cars in Germany has been more than twice that of new cars, and the ratio in South Korea and Japan is basically stable at 1.45∶1. At the same time, the penetration rate of German auto finance reached 76.7% in 2017.

　　From 2009 to 2018, the transaction volume of used cars in China increased from 3.8 million to 13.82 million, nearly tripling in 10 years, with a strong development momentum; However, compared with the sales of 28.1 million new cars in 2018, the transaction volume of used cars is still less than half of that of new cars, which shows that there is still much room for development in China’s used car market. In the past eight years, the compound annual growth rate of used car transactions has also exceeded 22%; It is estimated that the transaction volume of used cars is expected to exceed 1 trillion yuan this year.

　　The insiders believe that according to the development of automobile industry in developed countries and the increasing trend of new car ownership in China, there is still room for growth of automobile consumption in China in the future, but the growth rate will gradually slow down; The dominant force will shift from the incremental market dominated by new car sales to the stock market dominated by used car circulation.

　　Lack of integrity hinders the release of potential

　　In recent years, relevant departments have jointly issued favorable policies to encourage the consumption of used cars for many times, so as to stimulate the growth of market capacity and protect the development of the used car market from the policy level. A few days ago, the State Council issued "Guiding Opinions on Further Expanding and Upgrading Information Consumption to Release the Potential of Domestic Demand", which clearly put forward new formats and models to encourage the establishment of online and offline omni-channel and format-integrated experiential consumption scenarios, so as to effectively release market vitality and consumer demand. In addition, in promoting the circulation of used cars, the implementation of the policy of completely canceling the restrictions on the movement of used cars has also been mentioned many times, further stimulating the consumption of used cars from all aspects.

　　At present, if the owner wants to transfer the used car, there are roughly the following ways: First, transfer it to someone he knows, also known as "acquaintance transaction"; The second is to replace new cars through 4S stores; The third is the offline used car market transaction. Among them, because of the short transaction time and high proportion in the second-hand car market, the sale time and procedures are more convenient, which is the mainstream second-hand car trading method at present.

　　However, due to the uniqueness of used car products and the imperfect market supervision system and policy norms, the business philosophy, trading model and market environment are very backward. In the traditional offline second-hand car trading market, there are often some "black car dealers", and dishonest behaviors such as trading fraud, concealing car condition and profiteering are common, which not only damages consumers’ rights and interests, but also brings serious security risks to users and road traffic.

　　According to the statistics of china automobile dealers association, there are more than 150,000 used car dealers at present, and the average annual transaction volume of each car is less than 100. The fragmented transaction has seriously hindered the large-scale development of the industry. In addition, due to the asymmetric information between buyers and sellers and the lack of transparency in car condition and price, users have great distrust of traditional used car transactions, which seriously affects the overall reputation and reputation of the used car industry and the release of the potential of the used car market.

　　E-commerce platform cracks "pain points"

　　In recent years, the booming of second-hand car e-commerce has made it possible to break through the "bottleneck" of the above industries, which has boosted the accelerated development of China’s second-hand car market. Taking the second-hand car of melon seeds as an example, the new technologies, new formats and new models based on the platform economy have infiltrated and reconstructed the traditional industrial structure, and made efforts to solve the "pain points" of the industry and better protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. At the same time, the platform itself has also achieved rapid development.

　　Feng Hua, director of the Institute of Service Economy and Emerging Industries of Beijing Jiaotong University, believes that in the era of new Internet economy, automobile trading has entered a new stage of the development of platform economy, and the national unified second-hand car trading platform will inevitably rise rapidly. The industrial ecology formed on the basis of the platform, the leading enterprises in the industry are the organizers and leaders of the platform, which is meaningful to the standardization and innovation of the whole industry and will effectively promote the standardized and high-quality development of the used car market.

　　Feng Hua said that the Internet platform has the following promoting effects on the traditional used car industry. First, it promotes the transparency of the industry. Through the application of big data and artificial intelligence technology, Internet platform enterprises have built a trading mode with transparent vehicle conditions and standardized pricing. The second is to accelerate cross-regional automobile circulation. Internet can easily break the physical space restrictions, effectively gather vehicle sources, and build related infrastructure such as logistics and equipment, which can more effectively promote cross-regional automobile circulation. The third is to enhance the industrial value. Compared with the traditional second-hand car trading, the internet platform has transformed the second-hand car trading from low-frequency trading to high-frequency service by building and improving the ecological service chain, greatly improving quality and efficiency.

　　In addition, compared with traditional formats, Internet platforms have more incentive to strengthen their own responsibilities and protect consumers’ rights and interests. Xiong Bingwan, a researcher at the Institute of Future Rule of Law of Renmin University of China, said that platforms have market attributes, and platform operators should not only cultivate and operate the market, but also have the responsibility to carry out market supervision. For example, the platform should review the access of merchants, design the platform agreement, carry out credit management for settled merchants, deal with illegal behaviors of merchants, resolve consumer disputes, persuade bad merchants, and so on. In fact, the platform itself has the motivation and ability to play a self-regulatory role in platform affairs.

　　Experts said that the overall market size of the used car industry is huge. At present, the penetration rate of used car e-commerce in the whole used car industry is low, and it is still in the early stage of development, which has huge room for development. At present, China’s second-hand car market is in disorder, in fact, in the United States and Japan and other countries with mature second-hand car industry. In the future, with the gradual improvement of the second-hand car testing system and trading system, China’s second-hand car e-commerce and second-hand car market are also expected to mature.